Peru

# **Republic of Peru**

## **Full Financial History Report**

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### **Basic Data:**

- **ISO Country Code:** PE
- **Official Languages:** Spanish, Quechua and Aymara *(Spanish is used for international documents)*
- **ISO Language Code (main):** es
- **Current Official Currency:** Sol *(replacing Nuevo Sol in 2021)*
- **ISO Currency Code (current):** PEN

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## **2. Currencies Circulated in Peru (since the beginning of monetary production)**

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### **2.1. Real (Spanish and Colonial Real)**

- **ISO Code:** —
- **Singular Name:** Real
- **Plural Name:** Reales
- **Monetary Subdivision:** 1 Real = 8 small reals / 1 Real = 100 centavos *(in some periods)*
- **Fraction Singular Name:** Centavo
- **Fraction Plural Name:** Centavos
- **Start Date of Production:** c. 1568 *(with the founding of the Lima Mint by the Spanish)*
- **End Date of Production:** 1863
- **Start Date of Circulation:** c. 1568
- **End Date of Circulation:** 1863
- **Mint:** Casa de la Moneda de Lima *(founded in 1568)*
- **Issuing Bank:** Not applicable *(used during colonial times)*
- **Coin Denominations:** ½ real, 1 real, 2 reales, 4 reales, 8 reales
- **Banknote Denominations:** —
- **Historical Context:** Used during the Viceroyalty of Peru and early years after independence.
- **Designs / Symbols:** Included heraldic figures, crosses, colonial shields, and Castilian lions.
- **Current Status:** Out of circulation
- **Issuing Authority:** Spanish Crown
- **Relevant Legislation:** Used under colonial rule and early republican transition
- **People Honored on Notes:** King Philip II, Spanish monarchy busts

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### **2.2. Peruvian Peso (PEN)** – **Short-Lived National Issue**

- **ISO Code:** —
- **Singular Name:** Peruvian Peso
- **Plural Name:** Peruvian Pesos
- **Monetary Subdivision:** 1 Peso = 100 centavos
- **Fraction Singular Name:** Centavo
- **Fraction Plural Name:** Centavos
- **Start Date of Production:** 1863
- **End Date of Production:** 1869
- **Start Date of Circulation:** 1863
- **End Date of Circulation:** 1869
- **Mint:** Casa de la Moneda de Lima
- **Issuing Bank:** Banco Nacional del Perú
- **Coin Denominations:** 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 centavos; 1 peso
- **Banknote Denominations:** 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 pesos
- **Historical Context:** Introduced as the first national currency after independence.
- **Designs / Symbols:** Patriotic coat of arms, indigenous figures, and portraits of leaders
- **Print Runs / Commemorative Issues:** Notes with images of José de San Martín and Francisco Pizarro
- **Current Status:** Out of circulation
- **Issuing Authority:** Banco Nacional del Perú
- **Relevant Legislation:** Law Establishing the National Bank of Peru *(1863)*
- **Featured Figures:** José de San Martín, Francisco Pizarro, Ramón Castilla

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### **2.3. Sol (PES)** – **First National Series**

- **ISO Code:** PES *(retired)*
- **Singular Name:** Sol
- **Plural Name:** Soles
- **Monetary Subdivision:** 1 Sol = 100 centésimos
- **Fraction Singular Name:** Centésimo
- **Fraction Plural Name:** Centésimos
- **Start Date of Production:** 1863
- **End Date of Production:** 1985
- **Start Date of Circulation:** 1863
- **End Date of Circulation:** 1985
- **Mint:** Casa de la Moneda del Perú *(Lima)*
- **Issuing Bank:** Banco Nacional del Perú
- **Coin Denominations:** 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 centésimos; 1 sol
- **Banknote Denominations:** 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 soles
- **Historical Context:** Replaced the Peruvian peso to unify the monetary system.
- **Designs / Symbols:** National heroes, Inca ruins, and native animals
- **Print Runs / Commemorative Issues:** Special series dedicated to Inca history and independence
- **Curiosities:** Was the main currency for over a century
- **Current Status:** Out of circulation
- **Issuing Authority:** Banco Nacional del Perú
- **Relevant Legislation:** Decimal system established in 1863
- **Signatories on Notes:** President of the National Bank, Minister of Finance
- **People Honored on Notes:** José de San Martín, Miguel Grau, José Carlos Mariátegui

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### **2.4. Inti (PEI)** – **Short-Term Currency**

- **ISO Code:** PEI
- **Singular Name:** Inti
- **Plural Name:** Intis
- **Monetary Subdivision:** 1 Inti = 100 centavos
- **Fraction Singular Name:** Centavo
- **Fraction Plural Name:** Centavos
- **Start Date of Production:** 1985
- **End Date of Production:** 1991
- **Start Date of Circulation:** 1985
- **End Date of Circulation:** 1991
- **Mint:** Casa de la Moneda del Perú *(Lima), De La Rue *(UK)
- **Issuing Bank:** Central Reserve Bank of Peru
- **Coin Denominations:** 0.5, 1, 2, 5 intis
- **Banknote Denominations:** 10, 20, 50, 100, 1000 intis
- **Historical Context:** Issued to combat hyperinflation in the late 1980s
- **Designs / Symbols:** Representations of Inca sun god, historical leaders, and cultural motifs
- **Print Runs / Commemorative Issues:** Artistic notes with advanced anti-counterfeit features
- **Current Status:** Out of circulation
- **Issuing Authority:** Central Reserve Bank of Peru
- **Relevant Legislation:** Decree-Law No. 24681 *(1985)*
- **Featured Figures:** Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, Abraham Valdelomar, among others

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### **2.5. Nuevo Sol (PEN)** – **Former Official Currency (until 2021)**

- **ISO Code:** PEN
- **Singular Name:** Nuevo Sol
- **Plural Name:** Nuevos Soles
- **Monetary Subdivision:** 1 Nuevo Sol = 100 céntimos
- **Fraction Singular Name:** Céntimo
- **Fraction Plural Name:** Céntimos
- **Start Date of Production:** 1991
- **End Date of Production:** In use until 2021
- **Start Date of Circulation:** 1991
- **End Date of Circulation:** Phased out gradually from 2021
- **Mint:** Casa de la Moneda del Perú *(Lima), De La Rue *(UK)
- **Issuing Bank:** Central Reserve Bank of Peru
- **Coin Denominations:** S/ 0.05, S/ 0.10, S/ 0.20, S/ 0.50, S/ 1, S/ 2, S/ 5
- **Banknote Denominations:** S/ 10, S/ 20, S/ 50, S/ 100 nuevos soles
- **Historical Context:** Introduced to replace the inti and stabilize the economy.
- **Designs / Symbols:** Historical figures, native wildlife and cultural symbols
- **Print Runs / Commemorative Issues:** Commemorative issues for anniversaries and historic events
- **Curiosities:** Used in parallel with the new "Sol" *(without "nuevo")* starting in 2015
- **Current Status:** Out of circulation *(fully replaced by the Sol in 2021)*
- **Issuing Authority:** Central Reserve Bank of Peru
- **Relevant Legislation:** Law No. 25.296 *(1991)*
- **Current Signatories:** Governor of the Central Bank, Minister of Economy
- **People Honored on Notes:** José de San Martín, Ricardo Palma, Federico Villarreal, María Reiche, among others

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### **2.6. Sol (PEN)** – **Current Official Currency (since 2021)**

- **ISO Code:** PEN
- **Singular Name:** Sol
- **Plural Name:** Soles
- **Monetary Subdivision:** 1 Sol = 100 céntimos
- **Fraction Singular Name:** Céntimo
- **Fraction Plural Name:** Céntimos
- **Start Date of Production:** 2015 *(parallel with Nuevo Sol)*
- **End Date of Production:** Ongoing
- **Start Date of Circulation:** 2015
- **End Date of Circulation:** In circulation
- **Mint:** Casa de la Moneda del Perú *(Lima), De La Rue *(UK)
- **Issuing Bank:** Central Reserve Bank of Peru
- **Coin Denominations:** S/ 0.05, S/ 0.10, S/ 0.20, S/ 0.50, S/ 1, S/ 2, S/ 5
- **Banknote Denominations:** S/ 10, S/ 20, S/ 50, S/ 100, S/ 200
- **Historical Context:** Redenomination of the Nuevo Sol to simplify its name and improve international perception.
- **Designs / Symbols:** Pre-Columbian culture, scientists and historical figures
- **Print Runs / Commemorative Issues:** Notes with anti-counterfeiting technology and accessible design
- **Curiosities:** The Sol officially replaced the Nuevo Sol in 2021
- **Current Status:** Active
- **Issuing Authority:** Central Reserve Bank of Peru
- **Relevant Legislation:** Law No. 31,057 *(Law of the Sol - 2021)*
- **Current Signatories:** Governor of the Central Bank, Minister of Economy
- **People Honored on Notes:** José de San Martín, Federico Villarreal, María Reiche, Daniel Alcides Carrión

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## **3. Mints / Production Facilities**

- **Casa de la Moneda del Perú** *(founded in 1568 – Lima)*
- **Central Reserve Bank of Peru Printing Facility** *(responsible for modern banknotes)*

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## **4. Chronological Summary of Currency Changes**

| Year | Currency Change | Equivalence |
|------|------------------|-------------|
| 1863 | Real → Peruvian Peso | 1:1 |
| 1863 | Peruvian Peso → Sol | 1:1 |
| 1985 | Sol → Inti | 1:1000 |
| 1991 | Inti → Nuevo Sol | 1:1,000,000 |
| 2021 | Nuevo Sol → Sol | 1:1 |

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## **5. Additional Curiosities**

- The Sol was reintroduced in 2021 without the word “Nuevo”, though it holds the same value.
- The Peruvian Mint is one of the oldest in the Americas.
- Latest banknote series includes tactile elements for visually impaired users.
- The Central Reserve Bank operates a numismatic museum open to the public.

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## **6. Historical Issuing Authorities**

- Banco Nacional del Perú
- Central Reserve Bank of Peru
- Ministry of Economy and Finance

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## **7. Key Monetary Legislation**

- Law Establishing the National Bank of Peru *(1863)*
- Inti Creation Decree *(Decree-Law No. 24681 – 1985)*
- Nuevo Sol Law *(1991)*
- Law No. 31,057 *(Redenomination to Sol – 2021)*

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## **8. Prominent Figures Featured on Banknotes**

- José de San Martín
- Miguel Grau Seminario
- Federico Villarreal
- Daniel Alcides Carrión
- María Reiche
- Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre *(special edition)*
- Abraham Valdelomar *(historical issue)*

Fonte:

Autor do blog: Nilton Romani