Nilton Romani

Here is the complete financial historical report of Zimbabwe, in International English, as requested:

Financial Historical Report of Zimbabwe

Before independence, Zimbabwe was known as Rhodesia and used the Rhodesian dollar, introduced in 1970 to replace the Rhodesian pound at par.
The Rhodesian dollar was subdivided into 100 cents.

After independence in 1980, Zimbabwe introduced the Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD), replacing the Rhodesian dollar at par.
Initially stable and even valued higher than the US dollar on official markets.
From the 1990s onwards, economic crises, chaotic land reforms, and regional conflicts led to severe currency devaluation.
Between 2006 and 2009, Zimbabwe experienced hyperinflation, one of the worst in history, with monthly inflation rates reaching billions of percent.
The currency underwent three redenominations:
- 2006: Second dollar (ZWN), 1 ZWN = 1,000 ZWD
- 2008: Third dollar (ZWR), 1 ZWR = 10^10 ZWN
- 2009: Fourth dollar (ZWL), 1 ZWL = 10^12 ZWR
Banknotes with denominations up to 100 trillion dollars were issued.

In April 2009, Zimbabwe abandoned its own currency due to hyperinflation.
Adopted a multi-currency system using primarily the US dollar, South African rand, Botswana pula, British pound, and others.
The Reserve Bank ceased issuing Zimbabwean dollars, stabilizing the economy somewhat.

In June 2019, Zimbabwe reintroduced the Zimbabwean dollar (ZWL) as sole legal tender, ending the multi-currency regime.
Initially pegged to the US dollar but quickly depreciated due to low confidence and inflation.
New banknotes and coins were issued, denominations ranging from 2 to 200 ZWL.
In 2023, exchange rate liberalization led to sharp depreciation of the ZWL.

In April 2024, the Reserve Bank launched the Zimbabwean Gold (ZiG), a structured currency backed by gold and other precious minerals.
The ZiG aims to control inflation and stabilize the economy.
It is traded on the foreign exchange market and designed to restore confidence in the local currency.

The Zimbabwean dollar is subdivided into 100 cents, but coins and small denominations are rarely used due to inflation.
Banknotes historically featured national leaders, wildlife, and cultural symbols, with recent issues incorporating advanced security features and polymer substrates.
The ZiG is backed by tangible assets, an innovative approach for Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe suffered one of the most severe hyperinflation crises in history, leading to currency collapse.
Dollarization brought temporary stability but created liquidity challenges and external dependence.
Reintroduction of the local currency and the ZiG represent attempts to regain monetary sovereignty and curb inflation.
A vibrant parallel exchange market reflects ongoing distrust in the official currency.

The official currency is now the Zimbabwean Gold (ZiG), launched in 2024.
The Zimbabwean dollar (ZWL) remains in circulation but faces significant depreciation.
The Reserve Bank continues efforts to stabilize the economy and currency.

Zimbabwe’s monetary history is marked by hyperinflation, multiple redenominations, and currency abandonment.
The multi-currency system stabilized the economy but sacrificed monetary sovereignty.
The gold-backed ZiG represents a novel effort to restore confidence and economic stability.

If you wish, I can prepare translations of this report into Brazilian Portuguese or other languages.